Terminology of the Laundry and Dyeing Industry

1.  

This standard provides the commonly used terms and definitions in the laundry and dyeing industry.

This standard applies to the operation, training, and related fields of the laundry and dyeing industry.

2 Normative References

The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the version cited applies to this document. For undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document.

GB/T 15557 Clothing Terminology

QB/T 2262 Leather Industry Terminology

3 Comprehensive Terms

3.1　

Laundry and dyeing industry

An industry specializing in the operation services of washing, ironing, dyeing, mending of clothes and public textiles, and care of leather products.

3.2　

Clothing

Daily textile, leather, and other products.

3.3　

Leather products

Items made mainly from leather, fur, and sheepskin, such as clothing, leather goods, and leather shoes.

Note: Commonly known as "fur".

3.4　

Public textiles

Various textiles used by hotels, hospitals, transportation units, etc., such as bed sheets, towels, tablecloths, mailbags, etc.

3.5　

Instructions for use of apparel

Tools that indicate clothing brand, material, origin, and washing labels to convey to users how to use the product correctly and safely. Usually expressed in the form of manuals, labels, signs, etc.

3.6　

Convention

A written document agreed upon in advance by operators and consumers that must be jointly observed.

4 Clothing Terminology

GB/T 15557 defined terms and definitions apply to this document.

5 Washing Terminology

5.1　

Laundry

The process of cleaning clothes using various equipment, tools, mechanical force, and detergents in a medium (such as water, dry cleaning agents, etc.).

5.1.1　

Machine washing

The process of cleaning clothes using washing equipment.

5.1.2　

Hand washing

The process of cleaning clothes manually.

5.1.2.1　

Brushing wash

A method of hand washing clothes using a brush combined with force, cleaning clothes under the joint action of water and detergent.

5.1.2.2　

Scrubbing wash

A method of hand washing clothes using the ridges of a washboard to create friction with clothes, cleaning clothes under the joint action of water and detergent.

5.1.2.3　

Carrying wash

A method of hand washing clothes by rinsing clothes up and down in the washing liquid.

5.1.2.4　

Kneading wash

A method of hand washing clothes by gathering individual parts or decorations of clothes together during washing.

5.2　

Washing

A washing method using water as the medium.

5.3　

Dry cleaning

A washing method using dry cleaning agents as the medium.

5.4　

Bleaching

The process of using bleach during water washing to remove pigments and improve the whiteness of clothes.

5.5　

Drying

The process of removing moisture from clothes.

5.6　

Preprocessing

The process of sorting and repairing defects or removing stains before washing clothes.

5.7　

Rinsing

The process of removing residual detergents and dirt from clothes.

5.8　

Uneven color

The phenomenon where the same fabric shows inconsistent and uneven color after washing and dyeing.

5.9　

Stains

Dirt attached to clothes.

5.10　

Detergent

Liquid washing products made by chemical synthesis with decontamination and cleaning effects.

5.11　

Special spotting agents

Chemical agents capable of removing stains.

5.12　

Washing table

A workbench for hand brushing clothes.

Note: Commonly known as "washboard".

5.13　

Wash brush

A brush for hand brushing clothes.

Note: Commonly known as "board brush".

5.14　

Stain removal table   Spotting board

Special equipment used to remove local stains on clothes and for pre-washing treatment.

Note: Usually equipped with compressed air and steam sources, featuring functions of rinsing, wetting, heating, and dehumidifying.

5.15　

Spotting brush

A specialized brush for removing stains.

5.16　

Spotting scraper

A specialized scraper for removing stains.

Note: Also called a scraper blade.

5.17　

Industrial washing machine

A machine used to perform the washing of clothes.

5.18　

Washing—extractor

A machine with functions of washing clothes and dewatering by centrifugal motion.

5.19　

Continuous tunnel washing machine

A machine that can rotate the drum along the longitudinal axis and is connected by a transmission system, divided into several independent compartments or several drums or multiple machines, used for batch continuous washing of clothes.

Note: Commonly known as "washing cage."

5.20　

Dry press

A machine that removes water from clothes by pressure.

Note: It is an auxiliary device for the continuous tunnel washing machine.

5.21　

Centrifugal extraction machine

A machine where washed clothes are dewatered by centrifugal force generated by the rotation of a perforated drum.

Note: Commonly known as a spin dryer.

5.22　

Tumble dryer

A machine where damp clothes are tumbled in a drum through which hot air passes to remove moisture.

5.23　

Cabinet dryer

A heated cabinet for drying shaped garments hanging on hangers.

5.24　

Fully closed dry-cleaning machine

A dry-cleaning machine using solvents such as perchloroethylene or petroleum-derived solvents, equipped with a solvent recovery refrigeration system, operating in an internal circulation mode during washing and drying, with no exchange of gases or liquids with the outside, and no discharge of solvent-containing gases.

5.25　

Open circuit dry-cleaning machine

A dry-cleaning machine using perchloroethylene or petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures as solvents, employing a water-cooled recovery system, which discharges solvent vapor mixtures by drawing in fresh air before opening the loading door for deodorization.

5.26　

Four vinyl chloride dry cleaning machine

A machine that uses perchloroethylene as a solvent to wash clothes.

5.27　

Petroleum dry cleaning machine

A machine that uses petroleum-derived solvents as solvents to wash clothes.

5.28　

Split style of dry-cleaning machines using flammable solvents

A petroleum dry-cleaning machine without a drying solvent recovery system.

6 Dyeing Terminology

6.1　

Dyeing

A processing procedure to give clothes a certain degree of color fastness.

6.2　

Dip-dye

A dyeing method where clothes are immersed in dye liquor.

6.3　

Bound dyeing

A fabric dyeing technique where the fabric is tied according to the desired pattern before dyeing, resulting in specific patterns after dyeing.

Note: Also called tie-dyeing, capable of dyeing in single or multiple colors.

6.4　

Batik

A dyeing technique where melted wax is applied to fabric to create patterns before dyeing; after dyeing, the wax is boiled off, leaving the waxed areas undyed to produce special patterns.

6.5　

Textile printing

A process of preparing printing pastes from various dyes or pigments and applying them locally on textiles to obtain colorful patterns.

6.6　

Dyestuff

Organic compounds that can dye fibers directly or with the action of mordants.

6.7　

Pigment

Substances that color the surface of fibers, with many types such as zinc white (zinc oxide), carbon black, etc.

6.8　

Coating

Substances applied to the surface of clothes to beautify or protect them.

6.9　

Colour fastness

The ability of dyed products to maintain their original color under various external factors during use or subsequent processing.

6.10　

Colour mixed

A phenomenon where the color of dyed products shows irregular variations in depth and inconsistent color.

6.11　

Colored points

Color spots appearing on dyed products.

6.12　

Colour spot

Other color marks appearing on dyed products.

6.13　

Colour skein

The dyed product shows some clustered strip-like color spots.

6.14　

Printing and dyeing auxiliaries

Various auxiliaries used to help the dyeing and printing process achieve uniform dyeing, bright colors, and certain fastness.

6.15　

Leveling agent

Auxiliaries used to achieve uniform dyeing of the dye on the substrate.

6.16　

Colour-fixing agent

Auxiliaries that can improve the color fastness of dyed fabrics.

7 Ironing Terminology

7.1　

Ironing and pressing

A treatment process that restores the shape and appearance of clothes by heating, pressing, cooling, and shaping with appropriate tools.

7.1.1　

Steam ironing

An ironing method using a steam iron to press and move on the fabric surface or pressing clothes or pants on a mannequin steam machine.

7.1.2　

Partial ironing

An ironing method using the tip of the iron to spot iron a specific part of the garment.

7.1.3　

Space ironing

An ironing method where the iron is held at a certain distance from the fabric for floating surface ironing.

Note: Also called "suspended ironing."

7.1.4　

Prop ironing

An ironing method where the hand supports the related ironing tool and garment, and the iron is used to press firmly.

7.1.5　

Down and slowish ironing

An ironing method where the iron is pressed and moved slowly, used for ironing large trouser creases and white cotton shirts.

7.1.6　

Friction ironing

An ironing method where the iron moves back and forth directly on starched fabric with pressure for friction ironing.

7.1.7　

Shove ironing

An ironing method where the hand pushes the garment flat while the iron closely follows and moves.

7.1.8　

Overlap ironing

An ironing method where the fabric is folded into double or multiple layers for overlapping pressing.

7.1.9　

Tighten up ironing

An ironing method that tightens or bulges a certain part of the garment, gathering it together.

7.1.10　

Drawing ironing

An ironing method that stretches and lengthens the shrunk part of the garment to restore its original shape.

7.2　

Electric iron

An ironing tool heated by electricity.

7.3　

Steam iron

An ironing tool heated by steam.

7.4　

Electric-steam iron

An ironing tool that can be heated by both electricity and steam.

7.5　

Finishing board

Equipment used for ironing clothes.

Note: Abbreviated as ironing table.

7.6　

Steam-air finisher

An inflatable (heated) mechanical device used for three-dimensional ironing of garments, shaped like a human model.

7.7　

Pressing cloth

Cloth placed over garments during ironing.

7.8　

Wool press cloth

A thicker pad cloth used for ironing garments.

7.9　

Tailor ham

A ham-shaped tool used for ironing sleeves, shoulders, chest, and other parts of clothes.

7.10　

Sprayer

A tool used to spray water during ironing.

7.11　

Overpress

Color changes in fabric caused by ironing.

7.12　

High temperature melting

Melting and physical changes in fabric caused by ironing.

7.13　

Water spot

Water stains caused by ironing and other factors.

7.14　

Pressing mark

Bright marks left on clothes after ironing.

Note: Commonly called "aurora."

7.15　

Smooth and flat

Clothes with smooth, crisp, and well-fitted lines after ironing.

7.16　

Level and smooth degree

The degree of flatness and firmness of garments after ironing.

7.17　

Flexible

The curved parts of collars or sleeves are ironed flat and curved without edges or corners.

7.18　

Collar point trim

The collar points conform to the original design style after ironing; the collar surface is crisp and the collar points are neat.

7.19　

Uncompacted

The ends of the fold line lie flat in an arc shape, not in a compacted state.

7.20　

Straight straight

The pocket opening and flap of the suit are flat, without bending or wrinkles.

7.21　

Closure closure

The pocket openings are aligned vertically, tight and close together in a straight line.

7.22　

The big creases of trousers the big creases of trousers

The inner and outer seams of the trouser legs align, forming two crease lines on the front and back trouser pieces respectively.

7.23　

The small creases of trousers the small creases of trousers

Small pleats between the front pocket opening of the trouser waist and the front big crease.

Note: Also called small pleats, its lower end forms a sharp angle, and its length is flush with the lower end of the inset pocket opening.

7.24　

Level level

Does not present an uneven or bumpy shape.

Note: Another term for flat and stiff.

7.25　

Flush flush

The trouser hem forms a straight line, with the inner and outer sides aligned, without bending or unevenness.

8 Darning Terminology

8.1　

Darning darning

The process of repairing damaged clothing according to its original color, yarn, and structure to restore or approximate its original appearance.

8.2　

Darning needle darning needle

A specially made slender steel needle used for darning.

8.3　

Darning hoop darning hoop

A special darning tool made of bamboo, wood, or metal, with a groove around the edge.

8.4　

Tease brush tease brush

A tool used to raise the nap on woolen, cashmere, and other pile fabrics.

8.5　

Weavy grain weavy grain

The structural pattern formed by the regular interlacing of warp and weft yarns in woven fabrics.

Note: Also called weave texture.

8.6　

Wiredrawing darning method

A darning method where broken threads around the hole are teased to the reverse side, and yarns are replaced one by one based on the original warp and weft.

8.7　

Cover darning method

A darning method that covers the entire hole by weaving warp yarns first and then weft yarns directly over the hole according to the original pattern.

8.8　

Dislodge broken wires darning method

An operation method of dislodging long and short warp and weft threads.

8.9　

Single surface glaze single surface glaze

After darning, many broken ends and fuzz remain on the reverse side of the fabric, while the front side has no fuzz or other marks, with texture and color consistent with the original fabric.

8.10　

Two-sided glaze

After darning, neither the front nor the back of the fabric has fuzz or other marks, with texture and color consistent with the original fabric.

8.11　

Irregular twist streak irregular twist streak

During darning, uneven arrangement of warp and weft yarns forms a regular or irregular uneven ridge structure.

8.12　

Dislodge broken wires

A method of gradually dislodging the broken warp and weft threads around the hole in the original fabric.

8.13　
Stitch stitch

A granular structure appearing at the junction where the inserted yarn connects with the original fabric yarn due to improper overlapping and pressing during darning.

8.14　

Thrum thrum

The intersection of the inserted warp and weft stitch with the original fabric overlap during darning.

8.15　

Small hump small hump

Granular floating stitches appearing at the fabric surface connection due to improper overlapping and pressing of thrums during darning.

8.16　

Nonuniform vestige

Uneven marks left at the junction around the hole after darning.

8.17　

Weavy grain tangle weavy grain tangle

Phenomenon of warp and weft yarns pulling each other due to incomplete picking and pressing during darning.

8.18　

Pick yarns up and depress yarns

The process of arranging yarns up and down during the movement of the darning needle.

Note: When the needle passes under the yarn and lifts it, it is called "pick"; when the needle passes over the yarn and presses it down, it is called "depress".

9 Leather Care Terminology

9.1　

Leather care leather care

The procedures for cleaning, maintaining, and decorating leather products such as leather clothing, leather goods, and leather shoes.

9.2　

Skin skin

The basic raw material for leather making, taken from various animals (mainly livestock), either untreated or preserved before leather processing.

Note: Commonly called rawhide.

9.3　

Leather leather

Animal hide raw material that has undergone physical and chemical processing, denatured, resistant to decay, and suitable for making leather products.

9.4　

Recycled leather recycled leather

Leather edge and corner waste is torn and ground into fibers, then bonded by adhesive in a mechanical physical state, pressed into sheets, and further processed by splitting, grinding, surface finishing, etc.

9.5　

Synthetic leather synthetic material

Imitation artificial products that simulate the composition and structure of natural leather, usually using non-woven fabric as the base.

9.6　

Artificial leather artificial material

Products made by coating synthetic resin mixed with plasticizer in paste, dispersion, or solution form onto fabric, then heat-treated.

9.7　

Full grain leather full grain leather

Leather with intact grain pattern, natural pores and texture clearly visible.

Note: Also called top grain leather.

[QB/T 2262, definition 4.4.1]

9.8　

Top grain snuffed leather, snuffed leather

Leather where only part of the grain layer is lightly abraded, but the unabraded grain remains on the entire leather surface, with natural pores and texture still visible.

Note: Also called lightly corrected grain leather, lightly abraded leather.

[QB/T 2262, definition 4.4.2]

 

9.9　

Aniline leather aniline leather

Leather dyed only with aniline effect dyes without pigments.

[QB/T 2262, definition 4.5.8]

9.10　

Semi-aniline finished leather semi-anilinc finished leather

Leather mainly dyed with aniline dyes mixed with a small amount of pigment, retaining some aniline effect after finishing.

[QB/T 2262, definition 4.5.9]

9.11　

Corrected grain leather corrected grain leather

Leather with part of the grain surface abraded to reduce grain defects, then finished with various methods to create an artificial grain to imitate full grain leather.

Note: Also called corrected leather.

[QB/T 2262, definition 4.4.3]

9.12　

Nubuck, velvet leather nubuck, velvet leather

Leather with a velvet-like fine nap ground on the grain surface, with fine nap and faintly visible pores.

Note: Also called suede leather.

[QB/T 2262, definition 4.4.4]

9.13　

Suede suedc

Leather with the flesh side ground to create a nap.

Note: Also called chamois leather.

[QB/T 2262, definition 4.4.5]

9.14　

Special effect leather special effect leather

Leather made with antique, aged, wax dyeing, printing, embossing, metallic pearlescent, oil color change effects, etc.

9.15　

Double face leather double face

Leather with the hair side finished as fur and the flesh side coated or napped; one side is fur, the other is leather, wearable on both sides.

Note: Also called clipped nap leather or fur leather integration.

[QB/T 2262, definition 4.4.8]

9.16　

Fur fur

Tanned and mechanically processed animal skin made soft, stable, durable, and practical with hair attached.

Note: Also called pelts.

9.17　

Paint paint

The process of applying chemicals to leather products to make the surface attractive, soft, or protective.

9.18　

Brush coating brush coating

The process of applying coating agents to leather products using a brush.

9.19　

Wipe coating wipe coating

The process of applying coating agents to leather products by wiping or rubbing.

9.20　

Spraying spraying

The process of applying coating agents to leather products by spraying.

9.21　

Resin resin

A commonly used film-forming substance in leather finishing, with good adhesion, a plastic polymer compound.

9.22　

Pigment paste pigment paste

A paste-like colored substance made by grinding pigment and sulfated castor oil, mixed with a small amount of casein.

9.23　

Ordinary finishing agent ordinary finishing agent

A simple finishing agent used in leather finishing.

9.24　

Water paint water paint

Liquid formed by dissolving leather-specific dyes.

Note: Also called dye water.

9.25　

Handle agent handle Agent

Substances that give leather surfaces rich and varied tactile sensations, such as waxy, oily, smooth feelings.

9.26　

Recovered liquoring of leather recovered liquoring of Leather

Products that can restore the color of lightly faded suede leather products.

9.27　

Repair thick paste repair thick paste

Paste-like chemical products used to repair and fill scratches and damages on leather product surfaces.

9.28　

Decoating decoating

Defect where coating adhesion is poor or coating cracks, causing the coating to fall off as mud in dry or wet rubbing, or as powder or flakes when rubbed.

9.29　

Crazing crazing

Defect caused by excessive brittle materials (such as casein) or too thick coating in the finishing formula, leading to coating cracking.

9.30　

Loose grain loose grain

Defects inherent in leather where the surface layer is loose or the grain layer is slightly separated from the network layer.

9.31　

Leather hardening

Leather stiffness or brittleness caused by improper finishing, water immersion, or prolonged storage leading to fat loss.

9.32　

Leather color overlapping

Dyeing caused by improper handling between dark and light colored leather.

9.33　

Fat liquoring of leather

The process of fat liquoring and retanning leather to restore its original softness and fullness.

9.34　

Oil cream

White powdery oily exudate appearing on the leather surface.

9.35　

Salt rust

Gray-white frost-like substance appearing on the leather grain surface.

9.36　

Mildew spot

Localized mold and deterioration of leather caused by dampness or improper storage.